Analysis

Precision. Integrity. Evidence-Based Inquiry.

We specialize in rigorous, multidisciplinary analysis of artworks and cultural objects—combining forensic investigation, scientific testing, and historical research to uncover truth in a market often clouded by misinformation, restoration, and forgery.

What We Do

Due Diligence: Conducting due diligence in the art and antiquities market requires a rigorous, methodical approach to inquiry and investigation. This process is designed to identify and counteract the pervasive misinformation, sensationalism, and occasional fraud that characterize the field. Objects are frequently altered—by forgers, restorers, conservators, or owners—with the intent to "enhance" value, complicating the task of accurate evaluation.

Our approach involves exhaustive technical and investigative measures to dissect, assess, and understand each object. The initial phase includes a detailed condition analysis, supported by high-resolution photographic documentation. This is followed by a thorough review of provenance and publication history, which informs a comprehensive online investigation and the identification of authoritative sources.

Authenticity: In many cases, irrefutable proof of authenticity—such as definitive field photographs with supporting documentation or chronometric dating validated by authoritative exemplars—is not available. Materials identification may be possible, but rarely conclusive on its own.

Therefore, authenticity is determined through professional judgment, grounded in technical connoisseurship and informed by any condition-related concerns. This process acknowledges the limitations of available evidence while striving for the highest degree of accuracy and transparency.

“A very great deal more truth can become known than can be proven.” — Richard Feynman

Scientific Analysis
We employ a suite of techniques to evaluate authenticity, preservation, and conservation needs.

Techniques We Use

• Descriptive, analytical, and forensic photography

• UV, IR, hyperspectral imaging, IR reflectography

• Microscopic, macroscopic, and borescopic examination

• XRF elemental analysis

• CT scanning (medical & industrial)

• TL dating (Oxford Authentication)

• AMS radiocarbon dating

• FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, LA-ICP-MS

• RF dielectric sensing for subsurface variation

• Metallography, corrosion, isotopic, and Pb-210 analysis

• Dendrochronology and wood identification

• Surface deposit, use-wear, and weathering analysis

Environmental Risk Assessment

We identify threats to object integrity during site visits—light, temperature, humidity—and recommend mitigation strategies.

Market Realities

The art market is opaque. Secrecy and misinformation are endemic. We offer clarity, evidence, and protection against costly errors.

Resource Insights

We leverage a robust ecosystem of tools and platforms – here are the essentials:

• Imaging & Field Tools:
  Smartphone (e.g., Samsung 25 Ultra), Canon DSLR Cameras, Color Chart, UV Flashlight, Pen Light, Magnifying Glass, Practical Ruler

• AI & Digital Platforms:
  Google Lens, Microsoft Copilot, ChatGPT, Scite.ai, Google Chrome, Google Drive, Google Sites, Google Docs, Google Scholar, DeepL Translate

• Research Archives & Libraries:
  Internet Archive, Wayback Machine, Project Gutenberg, Library of Congress, HathiTrust, WorldCat

• Design & Documentation:
  Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe Acrobat

• Specialized Art Archives:
  Van Rijn Archive of African Art (YVRA), Ross Archive of African Images, JSTOR, Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), Artkhade

• Appraisal & Conservation Standards:
  USPAP, IRS Art Appraisal Services, American Institute for Conservation

• Provenance & Theft Databases:
  ICOM Red Lists, National Stolen Art File (NSAF), INTERPOL Stolen Works of Art Database, Lost Art Database, Central Registry of Looted Cultural Property 1933–1945, AfricaMuseum Stolen/Missing Objects, One Hundred Missing Objects: Looting in Africa, Digital Benin